More and more engineers are realizing that they can no longer think of a process plant as a collection of individually designed operations and processes. It is becoming increasingly evident that each separate unit of a plant influences all others in subtle ways. It is also true that the plant is a part of an ecological system extending well beyond its boundaries.
The general availability of the computer has made it possible to study the dynamic behaviour of plants as well as their static or steady state behaviour. Such intense studies have shown new possibilities for plant operation not previously conceived. Instead of measuring and attempting to maintain rigid temperature, pressure, and general conditions (feedback control), chemical engineer are trying to adjust system variables so that the output is satisfactory even though the input very widely and are not fixed (feed forward control); attempts at optimizing control are also being made. The next generation of engineers will be studying, analyzing, and optimizing such interacting and complex systems. This is a major improvement over envisioning design as involving simple, non-interacting, static system that use only unit operation and unit processes.
The table below are money expense to improve of industrial performance, on facing competitive product on the future.
Company Funds for Industrial R&D (in million of dollars)
The general availability of the computer has made it possible to study the dynamic behaviour of plants as well as their static or steady state behaviour. Such intense studies have shown new possibilities for plant operation not previously conceived. Instead of measuring and attempting to maintain rigid temperature, pressure, and general conditions (feedback control), chemical engineer are trying to adjust system variables so that the output is satisfactory even though the input very widely and are not fixed (feed forward control); attempts at optimizing control are also being made. The next generation of engineers will be studying, analyzing, and optimizing such interacting and complex systems. This is a major improvement over envisioning design as involving simple, non-interacting, static system that use only unit operation and unit processes.
The table below are money expense to improve of industrial performance, on facing competitive product on the future.
Company Funds for Industrial R&D (in million of dollars)
Purposes
|
1980
|
1978
|
1976
|
1974
|
1972
|
1970
|
Chemical and allied products
|
4,190
|
3,218
|
2,751
|
2,236
|
1,741
|
1,593
|
- Industrial Chemical
|
1,910
|
1,488
|
1,275
|
1,106
|
880
|
873
|
- Drugs and other chemicals
|
2,280
|
1,730
|
1,476
|
1,131
|
881
|
720
|
Other Industries
|
24,900
|
18,938
|
14,685
|
12,431
|
9,794
|
8,695
|
Total
|
29,100
|
22,159
|
17,436
|
14,587
|
11,535
|
10,588
|
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